forum Sharing with Others
One of the hardest parts of living with a rare disease is explaining it. Here are some tips and ready-to-use messages you can copy and send.
Why explaining feels so hard
Symptoms may not be obvious to other people, and finding words for a genetic condition can be difficult. Symptoms may not be obvious to other people, and finding words for a genetic condition can be difficult.
Your symptoms may vary, which can make support needs difficult to explain. Your symptoms may vary, which can make support needs difficult to explain. 12
The templates below aren't perfect - every person's situation is different. But they're a starting point. Copy them, edit them, make them yours.
Use analogies
A short explanation can be enough: “I have a genetic condition that can affect how my body makes energy.” A battery is only an analogy. A short explanation can be enough: “I have a genetic condition that can affect how my body makes energy.” A battery is only an analogy. 34
Explain the variability
Explain your own pattern: “What I can manage changes, and I may need to adjust plans.” Explain your own pattern: “What I can manage changes, and I may need to adjust plans.”
Say what helps
People want to help but don't know how. Tell them: "Believing me when I say I'm tired is the most helpful thing." Being specific goes further than any medical explanation.
Don't over-explain
You don't owe anyone a genetics lecture. "I have a genetic condition that affects how my body produces energy" is a perfectly complete answer. Share more only when you want to, not because you feel you have to.
Pick the right moment
Don't explain during a crisis or when you're already exhausted. A calm, private moment - maybe over coffee or in a message where they can read at their own pace - lands much better than a rushed conversation.
Let a page do the talking
Sometimes it's easier to share a link than to find the words yourself. The pages below are written plainly enough that you can send them directly to a curious family member, a new partner, or a caregiver who wants to learn more.
Setting expectations and protecting yourself
Sharing your diagnosis can be deeply connecting but it can also expose you to unhelpful responses. You're allowed to choose what you share, with whom, and when.
It's okay if they don't get it straight away
Some people may need time or more information. You can decide how much energy you want to spend explaining. Some people may need time or more information. You can decide how much energy you want to spend explaining.
You can say "I don't want to talk about it right now"
Sharing your diagnosis doesn't mean you're obligated to answer every question immediately. "I've shared what I'm comfortable sharing today" is a complete sentence.
The "fix-it" response is common and exhausting
Well-meaning people often respond with "have you tried…?" You can gently redirect: "I have a specialist team managing that. What I really need is just to be understood, not fixed."
Not everyone needs to know
You can tell a colleague "I have a health condition" without mentioning mitochondrial disease at all. Your diagnosis is yours. Share it on your own terms, with people you trust.
Prepare a response to "but you look fine"
One possible reply is: “How I look does not show everything I am dealing with.” One possible reply is: “How I look does not show everything I am dealing with.”
Some people will grieve - that's okay
People may react in different ways. You can take time and return to the conversation later. People may react in different ways. You can take time and return to the conversation later.
Workplace disclosure and support rules depend on your country and role. Seek local employment or occupational-health advice before deciding what information to share. Workplace disclosure and support rules depend on your country and role. Seek local employment or occupational-health advice before deciding what information to share.
Ready-to-use templates
These are the people who matter most. They deserve enough detail to understand, but not so much that they feel overwhelmed or scared.
I wanted to share that I have a mitochondrial DNA change called m.3243A>G. It can affect how my cells make energy. I wanted to share that I have a mitochondrial DNA change called m.3243A>G. It can affect how my cells make energy. 34
It can affect different parts of the body. For me, the main effects are [describe the symptoms you want to share]. It can affect different parts of the body. For me, the main effects are [describe the symptoms you want to share]. 12
It can run through the maternal side of a family. What it means for each person varies. I am working with my team on the care I need. It can run through the maternal side of a family. What it means for each person varies. I am working with my team on the care I need. 56
You don't need to worry or treat me differently. I just wanted you to know, because it helps when the people close to me understand why some days are harder than others.
How I look does not show all of my symptoms. There are things I find difficult even when I seem well. How I look does not show all of my symptoms. There are things I find difficult even when I seem well.
A battery is one way to picture limited energy, although my body is more complicated than that. What helps is understanding what I can manage. A battery is one way to picture limited energy, although my body is more complicated than that. What helps is understanding what I can manage.
My symptoms can vary, and sometimes I need to change plans or rest. My symptoms can vary, and sometimes I need to change plans or rest.
I have a mitochondrial DNA change called m.3243A>G, which can affect energy production in my cells. I have a mitochondrial DNA change called m.3243A>G, which can affect energy production in my cells. 34
My energy and support needs can change. I may need to rest, cancel plans or ask for help. My energy and support needs can change. I may need to rest, cancel plans or ask for help.
For me, the main effects are [add your own symptoms and support needs]. I would like us to talk about what helps. For me, the main effects are [add your own symptoms and support needs]. I would like us to talk about what helps.
Please believe me when I describe my limits. You do not need to see a symptom for it to affect me. Please believe me when I describe my limits. You do not need to see a symptom for it to affect me.
Testing found an m.3243A>G mitochondrial DNA change. Because it can be passed through the maternal line, this may be relevant to other relatives. Testing found an m.3243A>G mitochondrial DNA change. Because it can be passed through the maternal line, this may be relevant to other relatives. 56
Some relatives may carry it with mild or no symptoms. A genetics team can help work out who might benefit from counselling or testing. Some relatives may carry it with mild or no symptoms. A genetics team can help work out who might benefit from counselling or testing. 56
A genetics team can advise whether counselling or testing would be relevant to you. You can decide whether you want to explore that. A genetics team can advise whether counselling or testing would be relevant to you. You can decide whether you want to explore that. 56
I'm still getting my head around all of this myself. I just didn't want to keep it from you.
Thank you for asking; it honestly means a lot.
The most helpful thing isn't doing anything specific. It's just believing me when I say I'm tired or can't make it, without needing an explanation every time. Some days I'll be fine and then crash the next day. That's not me being flaky; it's the disease.
If we're making plans, it helps to keep them flexible. Low-key options are usually better than big events, and knowing I can leave early without guilt makes a real difference.
And if I ever seem withdrawn or quiet, please don't take it personally. Managing a chronic illness is exhausting in ways that are hard to put into words. Your friendship matters enormously; I just sometimes don't have the energy to show it the way I'd like to.
These templates help organise your own information. They do not replace a medical assessment or a personalised letter from your team. These templates help organise your own information. They do not replace a medical assessment or a personalised letter from your team.
My genetic report records m.3243A>G in MT-TL1 [attach or confirm report]. This variant has variable effects; my documented conditions are [list your diagnoses]. My genetic report records m.3243A>G in MT-TL1 [attach or confirm report]. This variant has variable effects; my documented conditions are [list your diagnoses]. 1347
Key clinical considerations for my care:
MEDICINES: Please review my actual drug precautions, allergies, organ function and current treatment. My personal medicine plan is [attach or describe]. MEDICINES: Please review my actual drug precautions, allergies, organ function and current treatment. My personal medicine plan is [attach or describe]. 89
PROCEDURES AND MEDICINES: Please assess any anaesthetic or muscle-related risks individually and coordinate with my specialist where needed. PROCEDURES AND MEDICINES: Please assess any anaesthetic or muscle-related risks individually and coordinate with my specialist where needed. 810
MONITORING: Please help confirm which organ assessments and follow-up intervals are appropriate for my symptoms and previous results. MONITORING: Please help confirm which organ assessments and follow-up intervals are appropriate for my symptoms and previous results. 10
ILLNESS: Please review my personal plan for reduced intake, glucose, fluids and escalation. My emergency letter is [attached/location]. ILLNESS: Please review my personal plan for reduced intake, glucose, fluids and escalation. My emergency letter is [attached/location]. 10
My specialist team is at [your hospital/centre]. Please contact them before prescribing any new medication if unsure about interactions.
To the treating team,
My report records m.3243A>G [confirm details]. Please assess my anaesthetic and perioperative needs using my current health, medicines and specialist plan. My report records m.3243A>G [confirm details]. Please assess my anaesthetic and perioperative needs using my current health, medicines and specialist plan. 810
Please note the following:
• Please review my individual medicine precautions and any previous reactions. • Please review my individual medicine precautions and any previous reactions. 89
• Please agree how food, fluids and glucose will be managed around the procedure. • Please agree how food, fluids and glucose will be managed around the procedure. 10
• Please choose perioperative observations and blood tests according to my clinical needs. • Please choose perioperative observations and blood tests according to my clinical needs. 810
• Please include temperature management in the procedure plan. • Please include temperature management in the procedure plan. 810
• Please plan recovery monitoring, nutrition, fluids and escalation if I become unwell. • Please plan recovery monitoring, nutrition, fluids and escalation if I become unwell. 810
For specialist advice, contact [your mitochondrial specialist / centre] at [phone/email].
I would like to request a referral to a mitochondrial disease specialist (neurologist or metabolic physician with mitochondrial expertise).
I have a confirmed m.3243A>G mtDNA mutation and am seeking specialist review for [ongoing symptoms / annual monitoring / medication review / family planning advice - adjust as appropriate].
Could you advise on the appropriate local referral route? I can provide my genetic report and previous specialist letters. Could you advise on the appropriate local referral route? I can provide my genetic report and previous specialist letters.
These templates are starting points. Fill in your specific diagnosis details, specialist contact information, current medications, and any symptoms that are most relevant to your situation. Your specialist team can also provide a formal medical letter if needed.
Choose the template that fits your appointment and replace placeholders with your own information. Choose the template that fits your appointment and replace placeholders with your own information.
I have a confirmed m.3243A>G mitochondrial DNA mutation. From a cardiac perspective, please be aware that:
• Please review whether I need assessment for heart muscle or rhythm problems and agree a follow-up schedule. • Please review whether I need assessment for heart muscle or rhythm problems and agree a follow-up schedule. 10
• If a statin is indicated, please assess cardiovascular benefit and muscle-related risks and agree monitoring. • If a statin is indicated, please assess cardiovascular benefit and muscle-related risks and agree monitoring. 8
• Please check new cardiac medicines against my existing treatment and organ function. • Please check new cardiac medicines against my existing treatment and organ function. 89
• Please coordinate any sedation or procedure plan with my mitochondrial team where needed. • Please coordinate any sedation or procedure plan with my mitochondrial team where needed. 810
I have a confirmed m.3243A>G mitochondrial DNA mutation. From a neurological perspective, please be aware of the following:
• Please review seizure medicines using my exact genetic diagnosis, liver status and reproductive circumstances. Valproate risks differ by context; I will not change treatment without specialist advice. • Please review seizure medicines using my exact genetic diagnosis, liver status and reproductive circumstances. Valproate risks differ by context; I will not change treatment without specialist advice. 91112
• Please help prepare an emergency plan for new neurological symptoms. Arginine’s benefit for stroke-like episodes remains uncertain and should not be assumed. • Please help prepare an emergency plan for new neurological symptoms. Arginine’s benefit for stroke-like episodes remains uncertain and should not be assumed. 10131415
• Please review any headache treatment against my medical history and current medicines. • Please review any headache treatment against my medical history and current medicines. 89
• Please interpret new neurological symptoms and imaging in context, including possible causes other than mitochondrial disease. • Please interpret new neurological symptoms and imaging in context, including possible causes other than mitochondrial disease. 1316
I have a confirmed m.3243A>G mitochondrial DNA mutation, associated with MIDD (Maternally Inherited Diabetes and Deafness). Please note:
• If metformin is being considered or is already prescribed, please review my acidosis risk, organ function and alternatives; mitochondrial guidance differs. • If metformin is being considered or is already prescribed, please review my acidosis risk, organ function and alternatives; mitochondrial guidance differs. 1017
• Please assess my insulin production, blood sugar and other health needs to choose treatment. Insulin needs vary. • Please assess my insulin production, blood sugar and other health needs to choose treatment. Insulin needs vary. 1718
• Please give me a diabetes sick-day plan, including when to seek help and how to manage medicines if I cannot eat. • Please give me a diabetes sick-day plan, including when to seek help and how to manage medicines if I cannot eat. 10
• Please agree appropriate glucose, kidney and other monitoring using my clinical findings. • Please agree appropriate glucose, kidney and other monitoring using my clinical findings. 1019
I have a confirmed m.3243A>G mitochondrial DNA mutation. From an ophthalmic perspective, I may be at increased risk of:
• Please assess for retinal changes associated with m.3243A>G where appropriate. • Please assess for retinal changes associated with m.3243A>G where appropriate. 1020
• My eyelid or eye-movement symptoms, if any, are [describe]. • My eyelid or eye-movement symptoms, if any, are [describe]. 1020
• My diabetes status is [describe]; please consider diabetes-related eye screening if relevant. • My diabetes status is [describe]; please consider diabetes-related eye screening if relevant. 10171820
Please agree the eye examinations, imaging and follow-up appropriate for me. Please agree the eye examinations, imaging and follow-up appropriate for me. 1020
My report records m.3243A>G. It can be associated with inner-ear hearing loss. My current hearing concerns and devices are [describe]. My report records m.3243A>G. It can be associated with inner-ear hearing loss. My current hearing concerns and devices are [describe]. 2122
Please assess antibiotic-related hearing and kidney risks individually. m.3243A>G should not be confused with MT-RNR1 variants associated with extreme aminoglycoside susceptibility. Please assess antibiotic-related hearing and kidney risks individually. m.3243A>G should not be confused with MT-RNR1 variants associated with extreme aminoglycoside susceptibility. 810
If hearing aids are insufficient, could we discuss other options, including cochlear implant assessment? Any procedure would need individual planning. If hearing aids are insufficient, could we discuss other options, including cochlear implant assessment? Any procedure would need individual planning. 81023
Please agree the hearing tests and follow-up interval appropriate for me. Please agree the hearing tests and follow-up interval appropriate for me. 1023
Bring a current medicine and allergy list and your personalised emergency letter to appointments. Bring a current medicine and allergy list and your personalised emergency letter to appointments.
Dentists and pharmacists also need your diagnosis, current medicines and individual precautions. These templates help start that discussion. Dentists and pharmacists also need your diagnosis, current medicines and individual precautions. These templates help start that discussion. 8910
I have a confirmed mitochondrial DNA mutation (m.3243A>G). Before any treatment, please be aware of the following:
• Please choose local anaesthesia using my clinical history and current medicines; contact my team if advice is needed. • Please choose local anaesthesia using my clinical history and current medicines; contact my team if advice is needed. 810
• If sedation or general anaesthesia is planned, please arrange an individual assessment and recovery plan. • If sedation or general anaesthesia is planned, please arrange an individual assessment and recovery plan. 810
• Please check any antibiotic against my allergies, current medicines and organ function. • Please check any antibiotic against my allergies, current medicines and organ function. 89
• Please agree any eating, drinking and glucose instructions with the team managing the procedure. • Please agree any eating, drinking and glucose instructions with the team managing the procedure. 10
My specialist contact: [name, hospital, phone/email].
I have a mitochondrial DNA mutation (m.3243A>G) and need to check whether a new medication is safe before taking it.
Please check the following information before advising on a new medicine: Please check the following information before advising on a new medicine:
• My actual allergies and previous drug reactions: [list]. • My actual allergies and previous drug reactions: [list].
• My current medicines and supplements: [list names and doses]. • My current medicines and supplements: [list names and doses].
• My relevant conditions and organ problems: [list]. • My relevant conditions and organ problems: [list].
• My specialist’s specific drug precautions: [attach or list]. • My specialist’s specific drug precautions: [attach or list].
I would appreciate your help confirming [medication name] does not interact with these concerns, or flagging if there are any mitochondrial toxicity concerns. My prescribing doctor is [name] at [practice]. Thank you.
I have m.3243A>G-related mitochondrial disease [confirm your diagnosis]. Could you check [product name] against my medicines, allergies and individual health needs? I have m.3243A>G-related mitochondrial disease [confirm your diagnosis]. Could you check [product name] against my medicines, allergies and individual health needs? 89
Please advise whether it is appropriate for me and whether my prescriber needs to review it. My medicine list is [attached/available]. Please advise whether it is appropriate for me and whether my prescriber needs to review it. My medicine list is [attached/available].
The wallet card has space for personal drug precautions and contacts. Complete it with your team and keep your medicine list up to date. The wallet card has space for personal drug precautions and contacts. Complete it with your team and keep your medicine list up to date.
Adapt workplace or school requests to your needs and the local process. Ask what evidence is required before sharing more personal information. Adapt workplace or school requests to your needs and the local process. Ask what evidence is required before sharing more personal information.
I would like to discuss a health condition that affects my work. The main effects for me are [describe your actual limitations and support needs]. I would like to discuss a health condition that affects my work. The main effects for me are [describe your actual limitations and support needs].
In practical terms, this means I experience significant fatigue that varies from day to day, and I may occasionally need to work flexibly: for example, starting later after a difficult night, working from home on low-energy days, or taking short breaks during the day.
I'm fully committed to my work and I manage my condition actively. Having some flexibility helps me perform at my best. I'm happy to discuss what accommodations might work for both of us.
I have a genetic condition that affects my energy levels. Some days are better than others and it's not something I can fully predict or control. I manage it the best I can, but occasionally I might need a bit of flexibility. I appreciate your understanding.
I am writing about [my/my child’s] diagnosed mitochondrial condition. Its effects on attendance or schoolwork are [describe]. I am writing about [my/my child’s] diagnosed mitochondrial condition. Its effects on attendance or schoolwork are [describe].
The main symptoms and situations affecting learning are [describe your or your child’s actual experience]. The main symptoms and situations affecting learning are [describe your or your child’s actual experience].
Helpful accommodations might include: flexibility with deadlines during flare-ups, permission to rest if fatigued, preferential seating near the front (for hearing), and understanding that absences are medical, not motivational.
I'm happy to provide a letter from [my/their] specialist if that would be helpful.
I have a diagnosed condition that affects assessment tasks in these ways: [describe stamina, concentration, hearing or other relevant needs]. I have a diagnosed condition that affects assessment tasks in these ways: [describe stamina, concentration, hearing or other relevant needs].
I would like to formally request the following accommodations for [upcoming exams / assessments]:
• Additional time, if supported by the assessment process • Additional time, if supported by the assessment process
• Rest breaks without time penalty
• A separate, quiet room if available
• Flexibility to reschedule if I experience a flare-up on the day
I can provide a letter from my treating specialist confirming my diagnosis and its impact on cognitive and physical stamina. Please let me know what documentation is required and who to direct it to.
I have needed time off because of my health condition. The current effect on my work is [describe what you want to share]. I have needed time off because of my health condition. The current effect on my work is [describe what you want to share].
I am managing the situation with my medical team and expect to return on [date/when I'm able]. I'm keeping my workload in mind and will communicate proactively if the timeline changes.
Thank you for your understanding: it genuinely makes a difference.
Navigating insurance, disability services, and social support with a rare disease can be frustrating. These templates help you communicate your condition clearly in formal contexts.
I am requesting pre-authorisation / coverage review for [treatment/medication/investigation] in relation to my confirmed diagnosis of m.3243A>G mitochondrial DNA mutation.
The effects of this condition in my case are [describe documented symptoms and limitations, using my clinical team’s assessment]. The effects of this condition in my case are [describe documented symptoms and limitations, using my clinical team’s assessment].
The requested [treatment/test/medication] is medically necessary because: [brief clinical rationale from your treating team].
My treating specialist is [name, credentials, hospital, contact]. Supporting clinical documentation is attached / available on request. I am happy to provide further information to support this review.
I have a confirmed rare genetic condition: m.3243A>G mitochondrial DNA mutation. This condition causes multi-system impairment including [list your most impactful symptoms, e.g. severe fatigue, sensorineural hearing loss, muscle weakness, cognitive difficulties, diabetes, etc.].
My current limitations, how they vary and how long they have affected me are [describe accurately]. My team’s assessment of likely duration and support needs is [attach or summarise]. My current limitations, how they vary and how long they have affected me are [describe accurately]. My team’s assessment of likely duration and support needs is [attach or summarise].
I am under the care of [specialist name / mitochondrial disease centre]. I can provide supporting medical letters, test results (including genetic confirmation), and specialist assessments as required.
I am applying for [specific benefit/support] because [brief explanation of impact on daily function/work]. Please contact me to discuss what documentation would best support this application.
I wish to declare the following diagnosed condition for travel insurance: [use the diagnosis and any coding confirmed by your clinical team]. I wish to declare the following diagnosed condition for travel insurance: [use the diagnosis and any coding confirmed by your clinical team].
My current health status, treatment and follow-up are [describe accurately]. My current health status, treatment and follow-up are [describe accurately].
My team has advised these travel-related risks or support needs: [describe or attach their assessment]. My team has advised these travel-related risks or support needs: [describe or attach their assessment].
My recent admissions and changes in health are [state accurately]. My travel assessment, if completed, is [date and advice]. My recent admissions and changes in health are [state accurately]. My travel assessment, if completed, is [date and advice].
I am writing to request a formal carer's assessment. I provide regular care and support for [name], who has a confirmed rare genetic condition: m.3243A>G mitochondrial DNA mutation.
This condition causes [relevant symptoms, e.g. unpredictable fatigue, seizure risk, hearing loss, mobility limitations] and requires significant day-to-day support including [e.g. help with medication management, monitoring for metabolic deterioration, accompanying to frequent medical appointments, providing assistance during flare-ups].
The caring role has a significant impact on my own [work / health / wellbeing], and I would appreciate an assessment to explore what support may be available. Please contact me at [your contact details] to arrange this.
Ask your clinical team to document your actual diagnosis, symptoms, functional limitations and expected support needs. Use the coding and terminology appropriate to your country and circumstances. Ask your clinical team to document your actual diagnosis, symptoms, functional limitations and expected support needs. Use the coding and terminology appropriate to your country and circumstances.
References
23 sources
Sources for the information on this page.
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- (2018). mtDNA heteroplasmy level and copy number indicate disease burden in m.3243A>G mitochondrial disease. EMBO molecular medicine. Research articleDOIFull text↑ Back to text
- (1990). A mutation in the tRNA(Leu)(UUR) gene associated with the MELAS subgroup of mitochondrial encephalomyopathies. Nature. Research articleDOI↑ Back to text
- (2015). MELAS syndrome: Clinical manifestations, pathogenesis, and treatment options. Molecular genetics and metabolism. ReviewDOI↑ Back to text
- (2023). Reproductive options in mitochondrial disease. Handbook of clinical neurology. ReviewDOI↑ Back to text
- (2025). Genetic and reproductive strategies to prevent mitochondrial diseases. Human reproduction update. ReviewDOI↑ Back to text
- (2013). The UK MRC Mitochondrial Disease Patient Cohort Study: clinical phenotypes associated with the m.3243A>G mutation--implications for diagnosis and management. Journal of neurology, neurosurgery, and psychiatry. Research articleDOI↑ Back to text
- (2020). Safety of drug use in patients with a primary mitochondrial disease: An international Delphi-based consensus. Journal of inherited metabolic disease. Clinical guidanceDOIFull text↑ Back to text
- (2024). Management of seizures in patients with primary mitochondrial diseases: consensus statement from the InterERNs Mitochondrial Working Group. European journal of neurology. Clinical guidanceDOIFull text↑ Back to text
- (2022). Patient care standards for primary mitochondrial disease in Australia: an Australian adaptation of the Mitochondrial Medicine Society recommendations. Internal medicine journal. Clinical guidanceDOIFull text↑ Back to text
- (2024). Evidence for sodium valproate toxicity in mitochondrial diseases: a systematic analysis. BMJ neurology open. Systematic reviewDOI↑ Back to text
- (accessed 2026). Valproate – reproductive risks . Official guidance↑ Back to text
- (2026). Diagnostic Criteria and Management of MELAS and Stroke-Like Episodes: Consensus-Based Statements. European journal of neurology. Clinical guidanceDOIFull text↑ Back to text
- (2018). Therapeutic regimen of L-arginine for MELAS: 9-year, prospective, multicenter, clinical research. Journal of neurology. Clinical studyDOIFull text↑ Back to text
- (2022). l-Arginine in Mitochondrial Encephalopathy, Lactic Acidosis, and Stroke-like Episodes: A Systematic Review. Neurology. Systematic reviewDOIFull text↑ Back to text
- (2026). Analysis of acute stroke-like lesions in MELAS: Distribution, potential boundaries and spreading pattern. Neuroimage. Reports. Research articleDOIFull text↑ Back to text
- (2026). Diabetes management in maternally inherited diabetes and deafness (MIDD): A review and a proposed treatment algorithm. Diabetes, obesity & metabolism. ReviewDOIFull text↑ Back to text
- (2025). Diabetes Associated With Maternally Inherited Diabetes and Deafness (MIDD): From Pathogenic Variant to Phenotype. Diabetes. ReviewDOIFull text↑ Back to text
- (2003). The spectrum of systemic involvement in adults presenting with renal lesion and mitochondrial tRNA(Leu) gene mutation. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology : JASN. Research articleDOI↑ Back to text
- (1999). Prevalence of macular pattern dystrophy in maternally inherited diabetes and deafness. GEDIAM Group. Ophthalmology. Observational studyDOI↑ Back to text
- (1998). Cochlear origin of hearing loss in MELAS syndrome. Annals of neurology. Observational studyDOI↑ Back to text
- (2000). The spectrum of hearing loss due to mitochondrial DNA defects. Brain : a journal of neurology. Research articleDOI↑ Back to text
- (2026). Screening for Maternally Inherited Diabetes and Deafness in Large Cohorts of Hearing Impaired and Diabetic Patients. Ear and hearing. Research articleDOIFull text↑ Back to text
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